The first kingdom known to have existed in Ethiopia was the kingdom of D'mt, which rose to power around the year 980 BC. In the first century AD the Aksumite Kingdom rose to power in the Tigray Region with its capital at Aksum and grew into a major power on the Red Sea, subjugating Yemen and Meroe. After the death of Emperor Yohannes IV, Italy signed a treaty with Shewa (an autonomous kingdom within the empire), creating the protectorate of Abyssinia. 2016 October - Government declares state of emergency following months of violent anti-government protests. The Ethiopians decimated the Italians and scored a spectacular victory by using rifles and bullets they had received from the Italian government. November 4, 2020: Tigray regional forces launch surprise attack. The title of ngus ngst was to a considerable extent based on their alleged direct descent from Solomon and the queen of Sheba; but it is needless to say that in many, if not in most, cases their success was due more to the force of their arms than to the purity of their lineage. Throughout much of its existence, it was surrounded by hostile forces in the African Horn; however, it managed to develop and preserve a kingdom based on its ancient form of Christianity. Following these protests, Ethiopia declared a state of emergency in October 2016 which was lifted in August 2017. The treasury of the Empire being allegedly penniless on the death of Iyasu, it suffered further from ethnic conflict between nationalities that had been part of the Empire for hundreds of yearsthe Amhara, Agaw, and Tigreans. Fasilides made Gondar his capital and built a castle there which would grow into the castle complex known as the Fasil Ghebbi, or Royal Enclosure. Hundreds of thousands were killed due to the Red Terror, forced deportations, or from using hunger as a weapon. Later, after the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Benito Mussolini's Italian Empire occupied Ethiopia and established Italian East Africa, merging it with neighboring Eritrea and the Italian Somaliland colonies to the south-east. The reign of Iyaos' reign becomes a narrative of the struggle between the powerful Ras Mikael Sehul and the Oromo relatives of Iyoas. Imperialism Timeline | Timetoast timelines The unrest that began in January 1974 became an outburst of general discontent. Emperor Menelik II, now residing in Addis Ababa, subjugated many peoples and kingdoms in what is now western, southern, and eastern Ethiopia, like Kaffa, Welayta, Aussa, and the Oromos. The earliest Muslim state in Ethiopia, the Makhzumi dynasty with its capital in Wahal, Hararghe region succeeds Queen Yodit. 4th century - Christianity becomes state religion. Meanwhile, Emperor Yohannes IV had been engaged with the dervishes, who had in the meantime become masters of the Egyptian Sudan, and in 1887 a great battle ensued at Gallabat, in which the dervishes, under Zeki Tumal, were beaten. Emperor Justin I of the Eastern Roman Empire requested that his fellow Christian, Kaleb, help fight the Yemenite king. Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic? In the north, he was confronted with an expanding Italy. All member nations (including Britain and France), with the exception of the Soviet Union, voted to support it. Under the Solomonic dynasty, the chief provinces became Tigray (northern), what is now Amhara (central) and Shewa (southern). 1818-68 - Lij Kasa conquers Amhara, Gojjam, Tigray and Shoa. As land became the prime commodity, its acquisition became the main driving force behind imperialism, especially from the reign of Menelik II onwards. His full title was "His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, King of Kings of Ethiopia and Elect of God.". Though parts of this story were most likely made up by the Solomonic dynasty to legitimize its rule, it is known that a female ruler did conquer the country about this time. Ras Mikael soon had him murdered, and underage Tekle Haymanot II was elevated to the throne. In October 2001, Lieutenant Girma Wolde-Giorgis was elected president. Some historians date the murder of Iyasu I, and the resultant decline in the prestige of the dynasty, as the beginning of the Ethiopian Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Princes"), a time of disorder when the power of the monarchy was eclipsed by the power of local warlords. By 1925 French Franciscan sisters were well-established, running an orphanage, a dispensary, a leper colony and 10 schools with 350 girl students. Mentewab's attempt to strengthen ties between the monarchy and the Oromo by arranging the marriage of her son to the daughter of an Oromo chieftain backfired in the long run. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Reference to the Kingdom of Aksum (designated as Ethiopia) only dates as far back as the first half of the 4th century AD, following the 4th century AD invasion of Kush in Sudan by the Aksumite empire. [3] The Aksumites gave way to the Zagwe dynasty, who established a new capital at Lalibela before giving way to the Solomonic dynasty in the 13th century. It was the second-to-last country in Africa to use the title of emperor, as after it came the short-lived Central African Empire, which lasted between 1976 and 1979 under Emperor Bokassa I. By freemanags1. Exactly when the new dynasty came to power is unknown, as is the number of kings in the dynasty. Wolde Selassie was eventually the victor, and practically ruled the whole country till his death in 1816 at the age of eighty. In 1887 Menelik king of Shewa invaded the Emirate of Harar after his victory at the Battle of chelenqo.[64]. [68] During the conquest of the Oromo, the Ethiopian Army carried genocidal mass atrocities against the Oromo population including mass mutilation, mass killings and large-scale slavery. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa; [1] the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years. [7] The most well known hominid discovery is Lucy, found in the Awash Valley of Afar Region in 1974 by Donald Johanson, and is one of the most complete and best preserved, adult Australopithecine fossils ever uncovered. Italy launched a second invasion in 1935. Jan 5, 1898. 1977-79 - Thousands of government opponents die in "Red Terror" orchestrated by Col Mengistu; collectivisation of agriculture begins; Tigrayan People's Liberation Front launches war for regional autonomy. The natives were given a rudimentary primary education focused on producing submissive and obedient servants of the empire. Later inscriptions show Ezana's growing attachment to Christianity, and Ezana's coins bear this out, shifting from a design with disc and crescent to a design with a cross. They settled in the cities of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, along the Franco-Ethiopian railway which opened in 1917. This was pending the return of Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen from medical treatment in Europe when he would assume the throne as a constitutional monarch. 361-396. When he was of age, Menelik returned to Israel to see his father, who ordered the son of Zadok to accompany him back to Ethiopia along with a replica of the Ark of the Covenant (Ethiosemitic: tabot). [31] In 1270, the Zagwe dynasty was overthrown by a rebel named Yekuno Amlak claiming lineage from the Aksumite kings and, hence, from Solomon. [96] The "Plan for development of Italian Addis Abeba" in 1939 proposed the creation of the first university in Ethiopia,[97] but WW2 blocked it. South African Timeline. From 1874 to 1876, the Empire expanded into Eritrea, under Yohannes IV King of Tembien, whose forces led by Ras Alula won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the Egyptian forces at the Battle of Gundet, in Hamasien. Ethiopia (Imperialism) Ethiopia is the only African country to fight off European imperialists. 1868 - Tewodros defeated by a British expeditionary force and commits suicide to avoid capture. Joo Bermudes, a subordinate member of the mission of 1520, who had remained in the country after the departure of the embassy, was sent to Lisbon. Both the development of society and culture stagnated in this period. [47] They were confused when they arrived and council prelates insisted on calling their monarch Prester John, trying to explain that nowhere in Zara Yaqob's list of regnal names did that title occur. A more rapid modernisation took place under Menelik II and Haile Selassie. Pankhurst, "Education in Ethiopia during the Italian fascist occupation (1936-1941)." The Persian religious figure Mani listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time. The Portuguese brought modern weapons and baroque architecture to Ethiopia, and in 1622 converted the emperor Susenyos I to Catholicism, sparking a civil war which ended in his abdication and expulsion of all Catholics from Ethiopia. Nelson Mandela. Zera Yaqob is known for his treatise on religion, morality, and reason, known as Hatata. [52], By late 17th century, the Oromo had friendly relations with the Amharas. In 1935, 119 Catholic and Protestant missions were educating 6717 pupils across the nation.[79]. Farmers and herders travel south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya. 1962 - Haile Selassie annexes Eritrea, which becomes an Ethiopian province. As Iyoas increasingly favored Oromo leaders like Fasil, his relations with Mikael Sehul deteriorated. The new government undertook socialist reforms, including nationalisation of landlords' property[102] and the church's property. The belief that the biblical Queen of Sheba was a ruler of Ethiopia who visited King Solomon in Jerusalem in ancient Israel is supported by the 1st century AD Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, who identified Solomon's visitor as a queen of Egypt and Ethiopia. The Princes Era ended with the reign of Emperor Tewodros II. In July 1991, the EPRDF, the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and others, established the Transitional Government of Ethiopia (TGE), which was composed of an 87-member Council of Representatives and guided by a national charter that functioned as a transitional constitution. He was deposed in 1916 by the Christian nobility, and Menelik's daughter, Zauditu, was made empress. International Crisis Group, "Ethnic Federalism and its Discontents". Notable philosophers from that area are Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat. An unholy alliance between Muslim and Christian states had occurred in this period. 1941 - British and Commonwealth troops aided by the Ethiopian resistance defeat the Italians, and restore Haile Selassie. However, the 1973 Wollo famine and domestic discontent led to the fall of the Empire in 1974. This isolation was pierced by very few European travellers. Ethiopia Resists Colonization 1896 - Amazing Bible Timeline [43] It was during this period that the Ethiopian king Gebre Mesqel Lalibela ordered the construction of the legendary rock-hewn churches of Lalibela. on the death of Emperor Tewoflos, the chief nobles of Ethiopia feared that the cycle of vengeance that had characterized the reigns of Tewoflos and Tekle Haymanot I would continue if a member of the Solomonic dynasty were picked for the throne, so they selected one of their own, Yostos to be negusa nagast (king of kings) however his tenure was brief. By starship-enterprise. This bitter religious conflict contributed to hostility toward foreign Christians and Europeans, which persisted into the 20th century and was a factor in Ethiopia's isolation until the mid-19th century, when the first British mission, sent in 1805 to conclude an alliance with Ethiopia and obtain a port on the Red Sea in case France conquered Egypt.
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